You can do something like this, but first run the following code in Python:
table = "my_table"
value = "foo"
cols = spark.table(table).columns
sql = f"""
SELECT *
FROM {table}
WHERE
{" OR ".join([f"CAST({c} AS STRING) LIKE '%{value}%'" for c in cols])}
"""
print(sql)
, then run this sql query.